(Ek Scientific Safar Pracheen Daur Se Newton Tak)

Introduction:

Aaj hum gravitational force ko ek basic scientific fact maante hain — lekin kya aapne kabhi socha hai ki Newton se pehle log gravity ke baare me jaante bhi the ya nahi? Kya duniya bas objects ke girne ko ek chamatkaar samajhti thi?

Iss article me hum karenge ek detailed analysis — ancient India, Greece, Islamicate world aur Renaissance Europe tak ka safar — jahan se Newton tak gravity ki journey pahunchi.

1. Gravity Before Newton – Bas Ek Observation

Gravity hamesha se exist karti thi. Log dekhte the ki:

• Cheeze hamesha neeche girti hain,
• Planets sky me circular orbit me ghoomte hain,
• Mountains khade hain aur samundar neeche rehta hai.

Lekin in sab cheezon ko log samjhte nahi the — bas mehsoos karte the.

2. Ancient Indian Concepts of Gravity (Bhārat Ka Yogdan)

Aryabhatta (476–550 CE)

• Unhone kaha ki Prithvi gol hai aur apne axis par ghoomti hai.
• Unka manna tha ki cheeze prithvi ke kendr ki taraf girti hain.

Bhaskaracharya II (1114–1185 CE)

• Apni kitab Siddhanta Shiromani me likha: “Objects are attracted towards Earth due to a force.”
• Lekin koi mathematical ya universal law define nahi kiya tha.

3. Ancient Greek Theories (Aristotle aur Archimedes)

Aristotle (384–322 BC)

• Kaha: “Heavy objects naturally move towards the center of the universe.”
• Us zamane me Earth ko hi universe ka center maana jata tha.
• Logic galat tha: heavier object fast girta hai — Galileo ne isse later disprove kiya.

Archimedes (287–212 BC)

Unka kaam mainly buoyancy aur fluid mechanics par tha, gravity par directly nahi.

4. Islamic Golden Age – Science in Arab World

Al-Biruni (973–1048)

• Usne bola: “There is an attraction between bodies.”

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) & Alhazen

• Inhone force aur motion par likha, lekin law of gravity develop nahi kiya.

5. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642): Newton Se Pehle Ki Sabse Badi Khoj

• Prove kiya: Objects of different masses fall at same speed in vacuum.
• Famous Pisa Tower experiment.

Par explanation “kyun” nahi tha — sirf “kaise” diya.

6. Newton Ka Arrival – Science Ki Kranti

Isaac Newton ne 1687 me apna famous work publish kiya: Principia Mathematica

Law of Universal Gravitation:

F = G × (m1 × m2) / r²

• Har object doosre ko attract karta hai with a predictable force.
• Ye theory universal thi — sirf Earth nahi, pura Universe cover karta hai.

7. Newton Ki Gravity Theory Ne Duniya Ko Kaise Badla?

• Astronomy, satellite aur planetary motion samajhna easy hua.
• Engineering aur architecture me revolution aaya.
• Einstein ka General Relativity bhi Newton ke framework par based tha.

8. Toh Newton Se Pehle Log Gravity Jaante The Ya Nahi?

9. Agar Newton Nahi Hote Toh Kya Hota?

• Science ka progress 100 saal delay hota.
• Space, rockets, GPS, communication systems develop nahi ho paate.

Conclusion:

Gravity hamesha se exist karti thi, aur log usse jaante the — lekin Isaac Newton ne usse ek scientific law banakar duniya ko samjhaya. Usne universal formula diya jiske bina aaj ka modern science mushkil tha.